*** **From 20 in 1815 to 193 today** Principle of [[war made states]] Aftermath of WW1 : Some empires[^1] were dismantled and a lot of [[État|states]] appeared : Ottoman empire : Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Yemen Russia empire : Finland, Baltic [[État|states]] Austria-Hungary : Austria, Hungary Aftermath of WW2 (Israël, North and South Korea) and decolonization[^2] -> [[État|state]] resurrections : Egypt -> new [[État|states]] : Algeria Collapse of USSR[^4] (15 new [[État|states]]) and Yugoslavia (7 [[État|États]]) in the 1990[^3] Patterns of [[État|state]] births in the 20th and 21st centuries - bottom-up movements that wanted [[Indépendance|independence]] exception : Singapore because it was expelled from Malaysia in 1965 Sometimes violent (Algeria, Eritrea, Croatia...) And sometimes not *(just a bit)* (Baltic [[État|states]], Mali, Kazakhstan) Most of the territories that became independent had two properties : - not contiguous, separated by a land, sea, [[État|state]] - linguistically distinct populations (two languages spoken) Patterns of [[État|state]] *deaths* from the least frequent to most frequent : - **Unification or reunification** (Yemen en 1990, Germany 1990) -> ambiguous [[État|states]][^5] - Collapse / dissolution (Yugoslavia) - Conquest and annexation (Baltic [[État|states]] by the USSR) - most common cause of [[État|state]] death in history - very rare after 1945. Last attempts is Iraq/Kuwait, Russia/Ukraine #### Explanations of why there are more state creations and less state deaths The increased frequency of [[État|state]] creations and the decreased frequency of [[État|state]] deaths are two sides of the same coins -> changes in international system that favor the proliferation of [[État|states]] **Factor n°1** Because the international norm preserves *territorial integrity*. It is just a *moral* point of view, there are no laws which guarantee that. [[État|states]] see as unacceptable to use military force to alter the borders of a [[État|state]] - so [[État|state]] death by conquest is very rare now - *[[paradox of secession]]* **Factor n°2** **The advantages of large** [[État|states]] **decrease over times** - military aspect. Having a lot of people in your army and a large territory doesn't make you strong. Now there are nuclear weapons. The reach of conventional weapons has highly increased.[^6] - Having colonies is less and less interesting - economic aspect : before international trade you could do the division of labor[^7]. You would have to get all the ressources you need by itself. They don't have to rely on their colonies or own territories to have ressources, you can just trade. - It helped decolonization because it wasn't vital for France to keep Morocco for example, it is more worth it to exploit them but they think they are free ([[néocolonialisme]]) consequences a) fewer attempts at seizing foreign territory b) fewer barriers to [[Indépendance|independence]] for small [[État|state]] inside big states ## Liens ``` dataview TABLE length(file.outlinks) AS "Liens sortants", length(file.inlinks) AS "Liens entrants" WHERE file.path = this.file.path ``` [^1]: [[nations impériales]] [^2]: [[Décolonisation]] [^3]: [[guerres de Yougoslavie]] [^4]: [[effondrement de l'URSS]] [^5]: [[supranational institutions]] / [[Micro-states]] / [[failed state]] [^6]: [[guerre non conventionnelle]] ; [[dissuasion nucléaire]] ; plus de [[guerre conventionnelle]] [^7]: [[division internationale du processus productif]] et [[Nouvelle Division Internationale du Travail]]. Le commerce international moderne a bcp changé les choses