*** Used in the [[theory of abstention]] and [[paradox of voting]] In large‑scale elections, the probability that a single vote changes the outcome is extremely close to zero[^1]. So, when you multiply : > (almost 0 probability) × (finite benefit) ≈ 0 The **expected instrumental benefit** of voting is effectively ~0, while the costs are clearly > 0. ## Notes de bas de page ``` dataview TABLE length(file.outlinks) AS "Liens sortants", length(file.inlinks) AS "Liens entrants" WHERE file.path = this.file.path ``` [^1]: see : [[high probability of casting the decisive vote reduces abstention]]