*** p = the probability of casting the decisive vote The higher p is the higher, the more voters are going to participate the more voters there are the less p is It the stakes are not really important or the result is known in avance, p decrease Indeed = [[high stakes reduce abstention]] + [[economic globalization and neoliberalism have forced political parties to adopt the same economic policies]] [[proportional representation]] decreases p p is always close to 0 so probabilities are very small In this case, it would be logical not to vote however, the majority of people is voting. [[paradox of voting|Paradox of voting]] So why does people vote ? People are not irrational, they perceive the costs for example Some voters think that everybody thinks the same way (paradox of voting) and they are going to have a higher p But everybody can also preshot that so it makes p very imprevisible At the end voters are deceived because they thought that their vote could have make a difference I decide to vote to avoid the realization of maybe being the decisive voters and having abstained all The direct benefits of voting can be summarized by D if D is superior than C pB + D > 0 Two components of D - higher sense of civic duty - social pressure cause there are [[normes sociales|social norms]] constraining you Benefits from voting for a particular candidate : - psychological benefits of expressing support for a [[parti politique|party]], such as supporting a football team - Altruism : voters want to be nice to candidates with whom they identify and they may care a little bit about the welfare of others Rational ignorance : - Coming to an accurate estimate of B is costly - p is vanishingly small - if voters try to estimate B, then C increases - Logical consequence : it is not rational for voters to obtain [[information]] for the sole purpose of voting However = [[informed voters vote more]] but they are others reasons such as social [[distinction]] and satisfaction coming from this activity ## Notes de bas de page ``` dataview TABLE length(file.outlinks) AS "Liens sortants", length(file.inlinks) AS "Liens entrants" WHERE file.path = this.file.path ```